
Europe’s aquaculture industry has achieved what many others aspire to: becoming a leader in sustainability. A recent study, led by Rasmus Nielsen and researchers from top universities and organisations like the European Commission, found that Europe outperforms global averages in environmental, economic, and social sustainability using Aquaculture Performance Indicators (API). However, this success comes at a cost. While Europe prioritises environmental protection and social responsibility, its aquaculture sector struggles to keep up with the rapid growth seen in Asia and South America.
European aquaculture scored an impressive 4.1 in environmental sustainability, compared to the global average of 3.4. Mussel farming, in particular, stood out for its eco-friendly contributions. Mussels act as natural water filters, enhancing marine ecosystems while also supporting small coastal communities. This type of aquaculture has been credited with generating employment and income for numerous small-scale producers in countries with well-functioning governance.
In contrast, salmon farming leads economically, driven by innovation and economies of scale. Norway, which alone accounts for nearly half of Europe’s aquaculture production, has cultivated a business environment conducive to investment and technological advancement. However, salmon farming is not without its challenges, particularly concerning environmental impacts such as nutrient emissions and the risks associated with open-net systems.
Not all segments share the same level of success. Traditional freshwater farming, such as trout and carp, has struggled to modernise. Many of these farms still rely on outdated methods, which, when combined with regulatory constraints, significantly limit their growth and profitability.
Regulations: A Double-Edged Sword
Europe’s strict environmental policies are the cornerstone of its sustainability achievements. Yet these same regulations create obstacles that hinder the sector’s growth. While regions like Asia and South America benefit from favourable policies and experience rapid expansion, Europe’s aquaculture industry remains sluggish, contributing a mere 2.5% of global production by volume as of 2019.
Despite substantial efforts to promote growth, European Union aquaculture has seen little progress in recent years. The study attributes this stagnation to "strict environmental regulations and red tape," which inflate costs and discourage the adoption of modern technologies, particularly among smaller operators.
Innovation: The Key to a Competitive Future

Aquaculture is booming globally, with Asia leading the way thanks to supportive policies, lower production costs, and access to vast consumer markets. South America is also gaining traction, particularly in large-scale salmon farming, with countries like Chile at the forefront. In contrast, Europe’s stringent regulatory standards restrict its ability to compete on the same level internationally.
According to the study, "European aquaculture production increased by 69% between 2009 and 2019," which is noteworthy. However, this growth pales in comparison to the exponential progress observed in other regions. The findings underscore the tension between prioritising sustainability and fostering economic growth.
The study highlights that advanced technologies, such as land-based salmon farming systems, could help Europe overcome many of its challenges. These systems offer greater control over environmental factors, such as nutrient emissions, while enabling increased production capacity. Strategic investments in innovation and simplifying regulatory frameworks could position Europe to remain competitive without sacrificing its sustainability credentials.
Europe’s aquaculture industry tells a compelling story: sustainability is its greatest strength but also a significant constraint. While its policies have established the region as a global leader in environmentally friendly seafood production, the industry’s slow growth raises pressing questions about its future. Can Europe find the right balance between sustainability and competitiveness? Will it adapt to meet global market demands while upholding its environmental values?
The study concludes that Europe’s aquaculture is "not a failure" but recognises the difficulties posed by its regulatory framework. To thrive, policymakers and stakeholders must prioritise fostering innovation, supporting small-scale producers, and addressing barriers to growth.
As global demand for seafood continues to rise, Europe stands at a crossroads. It must decide whether to maintain its position as a sustainability pioneer or risk being overshadowed by the rapid progress of its global competitors.